Fill in the correct form of the word in capital letters.
Parameters and data of the fuels
Density: Density is related to the fuel quality because fuels derived from ENTENT refinery processing are left with a higher carbon content, are more AROMA and thus heavier. Therefore, fuels with a high density are also high in carbon residue. The water SEPARATE ability of the fuel oil is ensured by limiting the density for reasons of centrifuging, as stated in the specification.
Pour point: The pour point indicates the minimum temperature at which the fuel should be stored and pumped. Temperatures below the pour point result in wax FORM .
Sulphur: The CORRODE effect of SULPHUR acid during combustion is counteracted by adequate lube oils and temperature control of the combustion chamber walls.
Ash: Ash represents solid CONTAMINATE as well as metals bound in the fuel (e.g. vanadium and nickel). Part of the ash could be catalyst particles from the refining process. Catalyst particles are highly ABRADE . Solid ash should be removed to the widest possible extent by centrifuging, and cleaning can be improved by installing a fine filter after the centrifuge (e.g. 50 μm).
Vanadium and sodium: Vanadium is bound in chemical complexes in the fuel and, consequently, cannot be removed. The only way to remove vanadium deposits is to ASSEMBLE the components and erase the deposits mechanically.
Centrifuging: Fuel oils should always be considered as contaminated upon delivery and should therefore be THOROUGH cleaned to remove solid/liquid contaminants before use. IMPURE in the fuel can cause damage to fuel pumps and fuel valves and DETERIORATE of the exhaust valve seats. Also increased fouling of gasways and turbocharger blades could result from the use of inadequately cleaned fuel oil. To obtain OPTIMIZE cleaning, it is of utmost importance that the centrifuge is operated with as low a fuel oil viscosity as possible and that the fuel oil is allowed to remain in the centrifuge bowl for as long as possible.
Homogenisers: Homogenisers can deal with COMPATIBLE problems. Both ultrasonic and mechanical homogenisers are available. Homogenisers installed before the fuel centrifuge can, when considering the full range of the ISO 8217 fuel specification, reduce the EFFICIENT of the centrifuge and, thus, the CLEAN of the fuel delivered to the engine. The sodium will not be removed from the fuel in the form of salt water. Installation of homogenisers before the centrifuge is not ADVISE .
Lube Oil Blending on Board: A new blending-on-board (BoB) concept makes it possible to add ADD to the engine system oil and then utilise it as cylinder lube oil.
Contamination of system lube oil: Increase of BN (Base Number) and viscosity of the system lube oil during operation is AVOID . The piston rod stuffing box separates the combustion and scavenge air spaces from the crankcase. Therefore, lube oil will not be SEVERE contaminated with combustion products and used cylinder lube oil. However, some cylinder lube oil leaks through the stuffing box, down into the system lube oil sump. This is revealed by increasing BN and viscosity levels of the system lube oil. Normally, the increase will stop after some time and remains at a stable level when topping up with new system lube oil. Water may also contaminate system oil. EXCEED water levels may harm tin-aluminium bearings, for which reason it is recommended that the water level does not exceed 0,2%. In some cases, fuel has been seen leaking through the fuel pump umbrella SEAL into the system oil.
